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Since 2000, IOM has been producing its flagship world migration reports every two years. The World Migration Report 2024, the twelfth in the world migration report series, has been produced to contribute to increased understanding of migration and mobility throughout the world.
Too Much, Too Little Water (policy brief)
People across Peru are vulnerable and exposed to a wide range of hazards, and studies demonstrate that these hazards are key drivers of migration in the country. Hydrometeorological hazards resulting in excessive amounts of water (in such forms as… Read More
The Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series aims to contribute to the global knowledge base on the relationship between migration and environmental change, such as climate change, and the formulation of related policy options.
The Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series aims to contribute to the global knowledge base on the relationship between migration and environmental change, including climate change, and the formulation of related policy options. The series is produced as part of the Migration… Read More
Is relocation an adequate means of adaptation to environmental change? And if so, how should the relocation process be designed to benefit the affected population? This policy brief analyses the success factors of relocation programmes by drawing on studies on relocation projects in the Mekong… Read More
This policy brief examines the relationship between migration, environment and climate change in coastal areas in Indonesia, where over 70 per cent of the population lives in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs). Hydrometeorological phenomena – particularly sea-level rise, coastal erosion and… Read More
The Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series aims to contribute to the global knowledge base on the relationship between migration and environmental change, including climate change, and the formulation of related policy options. The series is produced as part of the Migration… Read More
Environmental migration is a reality for Morocco. Environmental and climatic factors not only account for migration to Morocco from sub-Saharan Africa, but also for movements out of and within the country, especially to the major coastal cities. With the severe impacts of climate change expected to… Read More
Azerbaijan, situated in the Caucasus region, is exposed to hazardous environmental challenges ‒ namely natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods and landslides ‒ which have displaced thousands of people in recent years. Slow-onset processes, such as salinization, droughts and soil degradation… Read More
Migration and displacement in the context of disasters and environmental change is recognized as a significant trend in Central and North America. Disasters have prompted millions in recent years to flee internally, as well as to other countries in search of protection and assistance. Contributing… Read More
The Marshall Islands is a nation of widely dispersed, low-lying coral atolls and islands, and with climate change causing sea levels to rise and shifting weather patterns, the Marshall Islands is faced with flooding, heat stress and drought. The Marshall Islands Climate and Migration Project… Read More
Brazil has witnessed an increased level of human mobility due to environmental change. According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, between 2008 and 2014, Brazil was among the countries with the highest numbers of internally displaced persons. Furthermore, the country is one of the top… Read More
Migration – internal and international – is an important feature of the social lives of people across West Africa. While movements within the subregion are generally due to complex and multi-causal factors, natural resource scarcity has served to influence movements especially in rural areas.
Land matters: The role of land policies and laws for environmental migration in Kenya
Environmental migration is inevitably linked to the question of land for several reasons: (a) environmental and climate change reduces the amount of habitable land; (b) more land is needed to accommodate those who… Read More
Mongolia’s harsh climate and the dependence of the nation’s rural population on animal husbandry make it vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Mongolia is already experiencing dramatic rural-to-urban migration as a result of multiple factors, including declining livelihood opportunities in… Read More
The question of how to regulate international migration-related challenges in the context of rapid-onset natural disasters is attracting increasing interest from academics and policymakers alike. However, the fact that the issue is not addressed directly by international law or policy has sometimes… Read More
Italy is one of the most earthquake vulnerable countries in Europe and in the last 30 years, Italy has experienced severe consequences of earthquakes leading to fatalities and people displaced. This policy brief examines two earthquakes in Italy – the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and the 1985… Read More
Building on the main results of the MECLEP case study in Haiti, this policy brief explores how different forms of human mobility relate to household vulnerability in three Haitian municipalities (La Marmelade, Les Gonaïves and Port-au-Prince). Recurrent (including seasonal) migration seems to be… Read More
In light of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris at the end of 2015, this policy brief highlights why human mobility should be included in the discussions on adaptation. Migration, in the context of environmental degradation and climate change, is already a reality today,… Read More
Climate change has been affecting Ghana to a significant degree in the past 10 to 15 years. Its adverse effects have increased the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, which in turn have led to disasters and changed migration patterns. Human-made hazards further augment the livelihood loss… Read More
Due to increasing implications of climate change and other environmental degradations on the livelihoods of people, it has become significantly important to consider migration as an adaptation strategy. In the case of Turkey, one of the main economic sectors affected by climate change is… Read More
Today, almost 15 per cent of the global population is on the move, with more than 244 million international migrants and 763 million internal migrants, UN statistics estimate. An increasing proportion of these migration flows are linked with the scarcity of natural resources. Consequently, on the… Read More
There is an increasing understanding of the phenomenon of environmental migration, while less is known about the experts who directly or indirectly drive the policy development. This policy brief reports on an online questionnaire of 262 such experts, which aims to understand the environment and… Read More
Displacement due to disasters is on the rise globally. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, followed by the Fukushima nuclear accident, displaced internally more than 150,000 persons.
Four years later, many of these evacuees remain displaced, unable or hesitant to return home, due to… Read More
People with disabilities (PWDs) are uniquely vulnerable in general and in situations of or in relation to climate-related migration. This stems from an intersection of personal characteristics, such as limited mobility or sensory disabilities (such as blindness or deafness), and social factors,… Read More
Mobility has constituted a key element of livelihood strategies in the West African Sahel region and in Senegal for a long time. It has allowed households to diversify the places and sources of revenue accessible to them, and in this way, adapt to a resource-poor environment. In the last decades,… Read More
The Republic of Mauritius is at the forefront of climate change. The country experiences tropical cyclones, flash floods, droughts and sea-level rise that threaten the land and livelihood of the country’s most vulnerable populations. This policy brief summarizes the current situation of migration,… Read More
This policy brief is the result of an interdisciplinary research workshop with academics and practitioners, held at Bielefeld University in Germany on November 2014, in cooperation with COST Action IS1011 on Climate Change and Migration. The Bielefeld Consultation identified the need to raise… Read More
Azerbaijan, situated in the Caucasus region, is exposed to hazardous environmental challenges ‒ namely natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods and landslides ‒ which have displaced thousands of people in recent years. Slow-onset processes, such as salinization, droughts and soil degradation… Read More
The study aims to increase understanding of how and to what extent migration in the context of climate change and environmental degradation has been mainstreamed into Armenian national policy, legal and strategic documents. The methodology for this mapping exercise comprises two major steps: First… Read More
Over the last decade, there has been a rise in global awareness of human mobility in the context of climate change and environmental degradation. For both policy and cooperation on climate and human mobility, concern remains with creating conditions that enable people to have the option to safely… Read More
For both policy and cooperation in the area of climate and human mobility, the significant concern remains with creating conditions that enable people to have options to safely stay, to leverage the full potential benefits of dignified migration, and to avert, minimize and address displacement and… Read More
This working paper presents the methodological basis for the Migration, Environmental and Climate Change: Evidence for Policy (MECLEP) project, funded by the European Union. Migration as adaptation has been widely discussed but remains empirically understudied. The authors call for a… Read More
Migration’s potential contribution to environmental and climate change adaptation has been recognized at both the regional and global levels. Alongside institutional recognition of migration’s relevance to adaptation, however, there is also a need for further empirical research on the link between… Read More
The Environment booklet features all IOM publications focusing on the state of environment and climate change and how these have affected migration in general. Included in this series are publications from 2008 and to date, such as the International Dialogue on Migration, the Migration Research… Read More
The IOM Institutional Strategy on Migration, Environment and Climate Change aims to guide IOM efforts to strengthen its capacity to develop and implement a comprehensive approach to migration in the context of climate change, environmental degradation and disasters due to natural hazards, in line… Read More
The publication Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Ireland aims to contribute to the knowledge base on changing migration patterns in Ireland, in the context of a warming planet and increasing environmental degradation. This Country Profile aims to inform and… Read More
The environment has always been a driver of migration, as people flee to survive natural disasters or, faced with harsh and deteriorating environmental conditions, move to seek opportunities elsewhere. Climate change is expected to exacerbate sudden- and slow-onset disasters and gradual… Read More
IOM Outlook on Migration, Environment and Climate Change aims to bring together in one easy-to-access reference document the knowledge accrued by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and to present IOM’s role, understanding and approach to environmental migration.
This reference… Read More
Migration, climate change and the environment present a complex set of cross-cutting issues that are of growing importance for all of IOM’s activities. Since 2000, more than 750 projects have been funded and implemented worldwide in the context of IOM’s response to environmental migration. These… Read More
Gradual and sudden environmental changes are resulting in substantial human movement and displacement, and the scale of such flows, both internal and cross-border, is expected to rise with unprecedented impacts on lives and livelihoods. Despite the potential challenge, there has been a lack of… Read More
IOM has launched a series of capacity-building trainings targeting mid to senior level policymakers and practitioners active in environmental and/or migration areas. The trainings seek to provide participants with a basic understanding of migration, environment and climate change concepts and… Read More
The environment has always been a driver of migration, as people flee to survive natural disasters or, faced with harsh and deteriorating environmental conditions, move to seek opportunities elsewhere. Climate change is expected to exacerbate sudden- and slow-onset disasters and gradual… Read More
Migration in a changing climate can be both a reaction to negative environmental impacts and a driver of resilience and climate change adaptation. In rural and fragile areas of the Global North, migration can contribute to mitigate the socioeconomic effects of depopulation, demographic ageing and… Read More
Environment and climate change affect a wide range of people (including internal, inward and outward migrants) throughout the migration process by limiting their livelihood options and available natural resources. Livelihoods in Southern Africa particularly depend on natural resources, which are… Read More
As already manifesting in many parts of Southern Africa, for instance, severe droughts, windstorms, land degradation, heavy rainfall and snowstorms are adversely affecting agriculture production in Lesotho. Besides climate and environmental change impact on agricultural productivity, the decline in… Read More
In the framework of the European Union–funded Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Evidence for Policy (MECLEP) project, the Republic of Kenya (hereafter Kenya) is one of the six pilot countries. The country was selected as it is prone to extreme events. In fact, since 1964, a total of 58.66… Read More
The study brings together existing evidence on the climate change, environment and migration nexus in Bangladesh.
The impacts of climate change on the ocean and marine ecosystems profoundly affect human livelihoods and mobility. Recognizing the need to respond to the challenges arising from the interaction between ocean and marine ecosystem change and human migration and displacement, the International… Read More
As a polymorphic migratory profile and a climate-vulnerable country, Morocco is particularly concerned with environmental-induced mobility. On one hand, environmental and climatic factors account for migration to Morocco from sub-Saharan and movements out of and within the country, especially to… Read More