Original Language
English
ISBN (PDF)
978-92-9268-616-1
Number of Pages
124
Reference Number
PUB2023/075/R
Date of upload

02 Oct 2023

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Access to Digital identity for People on the Move in Europe

As the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration, IOM is called upon to address migration-related challenges, including those concerning migration management and the smooth digitalization thereof. With the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrating the need for flexible and innovative approaches at borders and beyond, IOM supports Member States in adapting their border and mobility management schemes to guarantee migration for all. The global digital revolution has transformed the way people access public and private services, supported by digital public infrastructure, notably digital identification (or “eID”). Access to proof of identity is particularly relevant, given the growing number of people on the move, which represented 3.6 per cent of the global population in 2020. Migrants’ identification and access to travel documents is key to ensuring safe and orderly migration and integration in host countries. Shared competences between the European Union and its member States include setting rules regarding immigration, including on the free movement of people within the Schengen Area and the crossing of external borders; the visa regime; asylum policy; and the format of nationally issued credentials, as well as national eID solutions. The study examines access to digital identity by third-country nationals in the European Union – from their identification to their integration in their host countries – identifying challenges and proposing recommendations to address them.

  • About the International Organization for Migration
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of figures and tables
  • Abbreviations
  • Executive summary
  • INTRODUCTION
    • Rationale for the study
    • Structure of the report
    • Methodology
    • Focus of the report and limitations

SECTION I: GLOBAL CONTEXT

  • OVERVIEW OF ACCESS TO SERVICES IN A DIGITAL WORLD
    • The digital revolution
    • Enablers
    • International agreements and legal framework
  • OVERVIEW OF LEGAL AND DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION
    • Core concepts
    • Legal and regulatory framework
    • Global figures and trends
  • OVERVIEW OF MIGRANTS AND MIGRATION
    • Core concepts and terminology
    • International agreements and legal framework
    • Global figures and trends

 

SECTION II : STAKEHOLDERS

  • GLOBAL STAKEHOLDERS
    • The United Nations Legal Identity Expert Group
    • The United Nations Children's Fund
    • The United Nations Development Programme
    • The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
    • The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
    • The International Organization for Migration
    • The International Civil Aviation Organization
    • Identification for Development
  • EUROPEAN UNION STAKEHOLDERS
    • The European Commission
    • The European Union Agency for Asylum
    • The European Border and Coast Guard Agency
    • VI ACCESS TO DIGITAL IDENTITY FOR PEOPLE ON THE MOVE IN EUROPE
    • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
    • The European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large-Scale IT Systems
  • OTHER STAKEHOLDERS
    • The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
    • The Financial Action Task Force
    • Member States
    • Civil society organizations
    • The private sector

SECTION III : EUROPEAN UNION REGIONAL CONTEXT

  • MIGRATIONS AND MIGRANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
    • Legal and regulatory framework
    • Figures and trends
    • European Union policy
  • LEGAL AND DIGITAL IDENTIFICATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
    • Legal and regulatory framework
    • Figures and trends
    • European Union policy
  • ACCESS TO SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
    • Legal and regulatory framework
    • Figures and trends
    • European Union policy

 

SECTION IV : IDENTIFICATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

  • OVERVIEW OF MIGRANTS’ IDENTIFICATION JOURNEY
  • MIGRATION AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS
    • The European Asylum Dactyloscopy database
    • The Schengen Information System
    • The Visa Information System
    • The Entry/Exit System
    • The European Travel Information and Authorization System
    • The European Criminal Records Information System – Third-Country Nationals
    • Interoperability
  • MIGRANTS’ CREDENTIALS
    • Standards on visas
    • Standards on residence documents for non-national family members of European Union nationals
    • The European Union residence permit
  • Migration documents issued by Member States
  • ID credentials for accessing services
  • BIRTH REGISTRATION OF MIGRANTS BORN ON EUROPEAN UNION SOIL
  • UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS
  • CASE STUDY: INVASION OF UKRAINE AND TEMPORARY PROTECTION
  • ACCESS TO DIGITAL IDENTITY FOR PEOPLE ON THE MOVE IN EUROPE VII

 

SECTION V : ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • ANALYSIS
    • Strengths and opportunities
    • Limitations and challenges
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
    • Registration of migrants
    • Issuance of credentials
    • Use of credentials and access to services
    • Management of system, European Union framework and global convening
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY