Regional baseline assessment on forced labour, unfair and unethical recruitment practices in the Southern African and Indian Ocean Commission region

Original Language
English
ISBN (PDF)
978-92-9268-797-7
Number of Pages
193
Reference Number
PUB2022/192/R
Date of upload

04 Abr 2024

Regional baseline assessment on forced labour, unfair and unethical recruitment practices in the Southern African and Indian Ocean Commission region

Revealing the harsh reality of trafficking in persons and forced labour within the Southern Africa and Indian Ocean Region, the Regional Baseline Assessment sheds light on prevalent challenges and critical gaps in addressing these criminal activities. Despite efforts to combat trafficking, implementation obstacles persist, including a lack of reliable data, insufficient enforcement of existing regulations, and limited public awareness. Recognizing the urgent need for action, the assessment puts forth a series of recommendations to strengthen response mechanisms, enhance inter-agency cooperation, and empower communities. From improving labour market information systems to establishing comprehensive victim protection plans, these recommendations offer a roadmap towards a more robust and coordinated approach to combatting trafficking and forced labour across the region.

  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
  • LIST OF FIGURES 
  • LIST OF TABLES 
  • LIST OF TEXT BOXES 
  • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 
    • 1.1 Aim and objectives of the assessment 
    • 1.2 Research questions 
  • 2. CONCEPTUALIZING EXPLOITATION IN MIGRATION PATHWAYS 
    • 2.1 Conceptualizing forced labour 
    • 2.2 Conceptualizing trafficking in persons 
    • 2.3 Conceptualizing modern slavery 
    • 2.4 Intersections of forced labour, trafficking in persons and modern slavery 
    • 2.5 Indicators of forced labour 
    • 2.6 Conceptual framework for assessing unethical/fair recruitment 
  • 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
    • 3.1 Dynamics in the SADC and IOC region and limitations of existing data 
    • 3.2 Methodological approach 
  • 4. ANGOLA 
    • 4.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 4.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 4.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 4.4 Recruitment practices 
    • 4.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 4.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 4.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 5. BOTSWANA 
    • 5.1 Prevalence of trafficking and forced labour 
    • 5.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking and forms of exploitation 
    • 5.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 5.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 5.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 5.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 5.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 6. THE COMOROS
    • 6.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 6.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 6.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 6.4 Risk factors and causes of trafficking, forced labour and modern slavery 
    • 6.5 Recruitment processes 
    • 6.6 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 6.7 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 6.8 Coordination mechanism 
  • 7. ESWATINI 
    • 7.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 7.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 7.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 7.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 7.5 Risk factors and causes of trafficking 
    • 7.6 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 7.7 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 7.8 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 8. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 
    • 8.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 8.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 8.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking 
    • 8.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 8.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 8.6 Legal and legislative framework adopted in the country 
    • 8.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 9. LESOTHO 
    • 9.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 9.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 9.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking 
    • 9.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 9.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 9.6 Legal and legislative framework adopted in the country 
    • 9.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 10. MADAGASCAR 
    • 10.1 Prevalence of trafficking and forced labour 
    • 10.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 10.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 10.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 10.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 10.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 10.7 Coordination mechanism 
  • 11. MALAWI 
    • 11.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 11.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 11.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 11.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 11.5 Risk factors and causes of trafficking 
    • 11.6 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 11.7 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 11.8 National coordination mechanism 
  • 12. MAURITIUS 
    • 12.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 12.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 12.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 12.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 12.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 12.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 12.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 13. MOZAMBIQUE 
    • 13.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 13.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 13.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 13.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 13.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 13.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 13.7 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 14. NAMIBIA 
    • 14.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 14.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 14.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 14.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 14.5 Risk factors and causes of trafficking 
    • 14.6 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 14.7 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 14.8 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 15. SEYCHELLES 
    • 15.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 15.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 15.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 15.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 15.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 15.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 15.7 National coordination mechanism 
  • 16. SOUTH AFRICA 
    • 16.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 16.2 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 16.3 Recruitment processes 
    • 16.4 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 16.5 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 16.6 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 17. UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 
    • 17.1 Prevalence of forced labour, modern slavery and trafficking in persons 
    • 17.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 17.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 17.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 17.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 17.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 17.7 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 18. ZAMBIA 
    • 18.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 18.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 18.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 18.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 18.5 Risk factors and causes of trafficking 
    • 18.6 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 18.7 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country 
    • 18.8 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 19. ZIMBABWE 
    • 19.1 Prevalence of forced labour and trafficking in persons 
    • 19.2 Sectors prone to forced labour and trafficking 
    • 19.3 Groups vulnerable to trafficking in persons 
    • 19.4 Recruitment processes 
    • 19.5 Prosecutions and victim support 
    • 19.6 Legal and legislative frameworks adopted in the country
    • 19.7 National coordination mechanisms 
  • 20. SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS AND FORCED LABOUR IN THE SADC REGION 
    • 20.1 Labour market situation and labour recruitment practices in the southern african region 
    • 20.2 Southern african regional outlook of trafficking in persons and forced labour
    • 20.3 Risk factors and causes of trafficking and forced labour in the SADC region 
    • 20.4 Groups vulnerable to trafficking and forced labour in the SADC region 
    • 20.5 Sectors prone to trafficking and forced labour in the SADC region 
    • 20.6 Policies, regulatory frameworks and other mechanisms for addressing trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants in the southern african region 
    • 20.7 Effectiveness and gaps in the implementation of the frameworks on trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants in southern african region. 
    • 20.8 Coordination mechanisms at the national level 
    • 20.9 capacity of RECs and public and private recruitment agencies to implement and manage ethical and fair recruitment strategies 
    • 20.10 Adequacy of legal protection for victims 
    • 20.11 Gendered dimensions of the legal and institutional frameworks 
  • 21. CONCLUSION 
  • 22. RECOMMENDATIONS 
  • APPENDIX A: INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION 
  • APPENDIX B: LIST OF INSTITUTIONS INTERVIEWED DURING DATA COLLECTION 
  • REFERENCES