In this report, Professor Elizabeth Kelly assesses the current state of knowledge on the trafficking of women and children in Europe. She concludes that despite the growing interest and concern, information on the scale of trafficking, the methods used, and the most effective means to counter it, remains limited. To advance our current knowledge, Professor Kelly identifies a number of priorities for further research, including on the structure of and the methods used by criminal groups, on state compliance with relevant international law, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of counter-trafficking initiatives. This report was presented at the European Conference on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings: A Global Challenge for the 21st Century, held under the auspices of IOM and the European Commission, in September 2002 in Brussels, Belgium.